DeQuervain’s tendonitis is a common tendinopathy causing function-limiting pain on the radial aspect of the wrist involving the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendons of the thumb. The condition receives its eponym from the Swiss physician Fritz DeQuervain who described several cases of “washerwoman’s sprain” in the late-1800s. The condition has also been termed “smart phone thumb” and “mommy’s wrist” in the media recently.
Clinical Findings
Most patients present with the insidious onset of pain on the thumb-side of the wrist, sometimes arising after initiating a repetitive activity. Patients may report swelling or a painful nodule at the radial styloid. Use of the hand for everyday activities can cause considerable pain, and patients often report difficulty with tasks such as writing, carrying groceries, and lifting children into car seats. Occasionally patients report a “popping” or “catching” sensation in the wrist, which results from pseudo-triggering of the thumb tendons.
Pathophysiology
The extensor tendons of the hand and wrist are contained within six fibro-osseous compartments on the dorsum of the wrist. The first extensor compartment on the radial styloid contains the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longs (APL) tendons, which extend and abduct the thumb, respectively. DeQuervain’s tendonitis is defined as a painful stenosing tenosynovitis of the APL and EPB tendons within the first extensor compartment. Instead of gliding smoothly within the tenosynovial sheath, these tendons can meet resistance, causing pain with movement of the thumb and wrist. In chronic cases, the retinacular sheath demonstrates histologic thickening and myxoid degenerative changes.
Etiology
Forceful, repetitive gripping tasks have traditionally been implicated in the pathogenesis of DeQuervain’s. Increasing use of smart phones for texting has been thought to contribute recently. In many cases, however, the etiology is idiopathic. The condition is most common in young females, classically post-partum. Hormonal changes, fluid retention, and increased functional demands of the mother are implicated as contributory factors. Lifting a newborn repetitively with the thumb abducted away from the palm introduces strain on the EPB and APL tendons in the hand and wrist, for example.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of DeQuervain’s is based on clinical findings. A history of radial-sided wrist pain exacerbated with thumb motion, tenderness and swelling along the radial styloid, and a positive Finkelstein’s test are typically diagnostic. Finkelstein’s test involves asking the patient to flex the thumb into the the palm, clasp the fist over the thumb, and ulnar deviate the wrist. A positive test elicits pain with this maneuver. As a word of caution, this test can be excruciating for some patients.
Radiographs can be helpful to rule-out fracture or degenerative changes of the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC), wrist scapho-trapezio-trapezoid (STT), or radio-scaphoid joints. Advanced imaging techniques and laboratory studies are typically unnecessary.
Treatment
Most cases of DeQuervain’s tendonitis resolve with conservative treatment. Use of an off-the-shelf thumb spica splint immobilizes the thumb and wrist to rest the EPB and APL tendons. Rest, activity modification, and use of oral NSAIDs can reduce pain. Hand therapy is often helpful to improve tendon gliding, and therapy modalities such as iontophoresis may reduce inflammation and pain. Hand therapists can also make custom thermoplastic splints for immobilization. Additionally, corticosteroid injections may result in symptom resolution in approximately 80% of patients. I tell my patients that one or two “cortisone shots” can be curative.
For the patients who do not respond to conservative treatment, surgical intervention is a reasonable option. Release of the first extensor compartment sheath through a small incision at the radial styloid allows for improved gliding of the EPB and APL tendons and a significant reduction in pain. This procedure is performed as an outpatient under local anesthesia with or without intravenous sedation. Published outcomes from surgical release have been good-to-excellent for most patients.
Author Bio:
John M. Erickson, MD is a hand and upper extremity specialist at the Raleigh Hand Center. He is board-certified in orthopaedic surgery and completed additional fellowship training in hand and upper extremity surgery at Vanderbilt University. Dr. Erickson received his medical degree from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas and completed his orthopaedic surgery training at the University of Michigan Hospitals in Ann Arbor. He has special interest in sports-injuries, wrist fractures, and upper extremity tendinopathies.